TIGERS
- Common Name: Tiger
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrata)
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Carnivora
- Family: Felidae
- Genus: Pantherinae Panthera
- Species: tigris
- Sub-species:
- Bengal Tiger - Panthera tigris tigris 1200-1500 left
- Siberian (Amurian) Tiger - Panthera tigris altaica less than 500 left
- Sumatran Tiger - Panthera tigris sumatrae 136 left
- Indo-Chinese Tiger - Panthera tigris corbetti
- Malayan Tiger - Panthera tigris jacksoni
- South China Tiger - Panthera tigris amoyensis 20-30 left
- Javan Tiger - Panthera tigris sondaica - extinct since early 1980's
- Bali Tiger - Panthera tigris balica - extinct since the 1940's
- Caspian Tiger - Panthera tigris virgata - formerly thought to be extinct since the early 1970's *
*1/16/09 A
team of scientists from Oxford University and the NCI Laboratory of
Genomic Diversity in the USA have discovered that the Caspian Tiger and the Siberian Tiger have the same DNA. The tiger sub-species studied were the Caspian tiger (Panthera
tigris virgata), the Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), the
Indian - Bengal - tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) and the South China
tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis). The Caspian tiger was found to
differ by only one nucleotide of its mitochondrial DNA from the
Siberian tiger: other tiger sub-species differ by at least two
nucleotides.
Misc.: This
species has been (and is still) widely hunted throughout its range for sport,
for the fur trade, and for the traditional Asian medicine market. For the medicine
trade - no part of the Tiger's body goes unused (see diagram below). The tiger
is one of the best known mammals, and has become a symbol everywhere for conservation.
Today, sadly, there are more tigers in captivity then exist in the wild. There
are only 500 Siberian tigers left in the wild and less than 400 Sumatran
Tigers as of 2006. There are thought to be more than 10,000
tigers in cages and 90% of them are in miserable roadside
zoos, backyard
breeder facilities, circus
wagons and pet
homes.
If you hold your cursor over the numbers on the tiger you will see what many Asians mistakenly believe. These myths are why the tiger has been hunted nearly to extinction.
Size and Appearance: The largest of all the living cats, the tiger is immediately recognizable by its unique reddish - orange coat with black stripes. Stripe patterns differ among individuals and are as unique to the animal as are fingerprints to humans. The dark lines above the eyes tend to be symmetrical, but the marks on the sides of the face and body can be different. Males have a prominent ruff or collar, which is especially pronounced in the Sumatran tiger. One single white cub was found in the wild and taken by a hunter who killed his mother and normal colored siblings. He was named Mohan and is the progenitor of most white tigers now in captivity. White tigers would never survive in the wild as the white coat is only produced through severe inbreeding. White tigers have brown stripes and crystal blue eyes, and some specimens in captivity have no stripes at all. Black tigers have been reported, but only a single pelt from illegal traders remains the only evidence. The pelt shows that the black only occurs on the top of the head and back, but turns into stripes down the sides, unlike in other cats that are completely and truly black (or melanistic). Body size of the tiger varies with latitude, the smallest occurring at low latitudes in Indonesia and the largest at high altitudes in Manchuria and Siberia. The largest, the Siberian tiger can reach weights exceeding 700 pounds and reach lengths of 10+ feet, and the smallest, the Indonesian or Bali tiger weighing a mere 200 pounds with a total length of 7 ft.
In sanctuaries tigers have lived more than 26 years, as compared to 15 in the wild. Tigers only live 10-12 years in zoos.
Habitat: Tigers occupy a wide variety of
habitats including tropical evergreen forests, deciduous forests, coniferous
woodlands (Taiga), mangrove swamps, thorn forests and grass jungles. The common
factors of all of the tiger's habitats, is some form of dense vegetative
cover, sufficient large prey, and access to water. Tigers are extremely adept
swimmers and readily take to water. They have been recorded easily swimming
across rivers achieving distances of just under 20 miles. The tiger also spends
much of its time during the heat of the day during hot seasons half submerged in
lakes and ponds to keep cool. Indian tigers generally have a range of 8-60
square miles, based on availability of prey. Sumatran tigers have a range
of about 150 square miles. Due to the severity of the climate and lack of
prey, the Siberian tiger can require a range of 400 square miles. Tigers have lost more than 40% of their habitat in the past decade. (1)
Distribution: Indian subcontinent, Amur River region of Russia , China, and North Korea, South central China, Sumatra, Indonesia, and Continental southeast Asia. In 2004, the Malayan tiger was declared a separate sub species from the Indochinese sub species of tiger. Found exclusively in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula. It is the third largest tiger population behind the Bengal tiger and the Indochinese tiger.
Reproduction and Offspring: Tigers will mate throughout the year, but most frequently between the end of November to early April. After a gestation of 103 days a litter of up to 7 cubs, although averaging 3, is born. Cubs will leave their mothers as young as 18 months old, or as old as 28 months old. During the first year, mortality can be as high as 35%, and of that 73% of the time it is the entire litter that is lost. The main causes of infant mortality are fire, floods, and infanticide, with the latter being the leading cause. Females tend to reproduce around 3 ½ years and males just under 5 years. In captivity, females have produced through age 14.
Social System and Communication: Tigers, like most cats are solitary, however, they are not anti-social. Males not only come together with females for breeding, but will feed with or rest with females and cubs. There have actually been reports of some tigers socializing and traveling in groups. Females with cubs have also been seen coming together to share meals. Most likely, in all of these cases they are somehow related. Males will kill cubs from other males, so it is likely that the offspring in question is his own. The females most likely are mother and daughter with overlapping home ranges.
Hunting and Diet: Tigers hunt primarily between dusk and dawn, and they attack using the same method as do the lions. They stalk, chase, and attack, bringing down and killing the prey with usually a bite to the nape of the neck or the throat. The bite to the throat allows the tiger the ability to suffocate the prey bringing death relatively quickly and painlessly. Smaller animals are often killed with the bite to the nape of the neck allowing the tiger to to fracture the vertebrae and compress the spinal chord of its victim. Once killed, the tiger either drags or carries its meal into cover. The tiger's enormous strength allows it to drag an animal that would require 13 adult men to move. Tigers consume anywhere from 35 - 90 pounds of meat at one sitting, beginning at the rump of the prey. If undisturbed, they will return to the carcass for 3-6 days, feeding until it has completely consumed its kill. Because tigers are not the most successful of hunters, only killing 1 in every 10-20 attempts, it may be several days before it has its next meal. In the wild, cooperative hunting among tigers has also been observed where couples and families hunted like a pride of lions. This, however, is the exception not the rule. Unlike the other felids, man is a regular part of the tiger's diet and has earned them greatest reputation as man-eaters. The most common prey items are various species of deer and pig, but they will also take crocodiles, young elephants and rhinos, monkeys, birds, fish, leopards, bears, and even their own kind. They have also been reported to eat carrion.
Status: IUCN: Endangered
Felid TAG recommendation: Tiger (Panthera
tigris). The SSP for tigers supports a target population of 150-160 individuals
for each of three subspecies. The Amur (formerly called the Siberian) Tiger SSP
is nearly 20 years old, has functioned well with this target population, and has
periodically obtained new founders from orphan situations or as F1 captive-born
individuals from Europe. Its goals are not likely to change in the future. The
Sumatran Tiger SSP is well under its target population, and additional spaces
are readily available, especially in zoos located in warmer climates. Additional
founders are periodically available from Sumatra via captive-bred individuals or
wild-born tigers that must be removed from the wild. At this time, the
Indochinese or Corbett's tiger also is included in the RCP (albeit present in
only four zoos). Given the small founder population presently in the North
American population, additional animals from range-country zoos that are
unrelated to those in North America are being sought. Although still present in
large but declining numbers, no space is allocated for hybrid tigers (including
white tigers, since they are all inbred, crossbred, and suffer congenital birth defects). No purebred Bengal tiger are known to exist in North America because the zoos hybridized all of their stock trying to produce white tigers that could survive the inbreeding necessary to create the white coat. Due to this and a lack of space, this race will not be targeted by the Felid TAG for
inclusion in its RCP. This subspecies currently is being managed in Europe under
the umbrella of the EEP. No one who breeds tigers outside of the Species Survival Plan which is only for AZA accredited zoos is really breeding for conservation.
How rare is this cat ? The largest wild population of tigers are in India. According to statistics released in 2007 there are 1,200 - 1,500 tigers left on 27 wildlife reserves in 11 states in India. Tigers are no longer "burning bright" in our world's most famous tiger preserves. Read what these investigators have discovered HERE. Tiger numbers in the wild are thought to have plunged from 100,000 at the beginning of the 20th century to between 1,500 and 2,000 today. A century ago, India had some 100,000 tigers. Now, officials estimate they number about 1,200 - 1,500. The Bali, Javan, and Caspian subspecies, have become extinct in the past 70 years. The South China tiger is on the verge of extinction, with just 20 to 30 remaining in the wild. The International Species Information Service lists in captivity 1,098 worldwide in captivity with 330 being registered with ISIS in the U.S.
Park Census:
Similipal: The last census carried out by the officials here was in 2004 and it had claimed that Similipal was home to 101 Royal Bengal Tigers and 126 leopards.
Since then only the wildlife instituted had carried out a count by adopting the camera trap method and put the figures at less than 30 in 2006-07. A new study has been concluded by the government in Jan. 2009 but no results yet.
To see a 5 minute video clip about the rescue of some tigers, some baby cubs and others click HERE.
Voice talent by Bonnie-Jean Creais 2006
(1) Natural World - Tiger Kill documentary aired 9/25/07 on Animal Planet
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